[Unix / Linux Shell Tutorial - Lession7] Arithmetic

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # Basic arithmetic using let
4. let a=5+4
5. echo $a # 9
7. let "a = 5 + 4"
8. echo $a # 9
10. let a++
11. echo $a # 10
13. let "a = 4 * 5"
14. echo $a # 20
16. let "a = $1 + 30"
17. echo $a # 30 + first command line argument

Operator	Operation
+, -, \*, /	addition, subtraction, multiply, divide
var++	Increase the variable var by 1
var--	Decrease the variable var by 1
%	Modulus (Return the remainder after division)

Example2

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # Basic arithmetic using expr
4. expr 5 + 4
6. expr "5 + 4"
8. expr 5+4
10. expr 5 \* $1
12. expr 11 % 2
14. a=$( expr 10 - 3 )
15. echo $a # 7

Example3

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # Basic arithmetic using double parentheses
4. a=$(( 4 + 5 ))
5. echo $a # 9
7. a=$((3+5))
8. echo $a # 8
10. b=$(( a + 3 ))
11. echo $b # 11
13. b=$(( $a + 4 ))
14. echo $b # 12
16. (( b++ ))
17. echo $b # 13
19. (( b += 3 ))
20. echo $b # 16
22. a=$(( 4 * 5 ))
23. echo $a # 20

Example4

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # Show the length of a variable.
4. a='Hello World'
5. echo ${#a} # 11
7. b=4953
8. echo ${#b} # 4

[Unix / Linux Shell Tutorial - Lession6] If Statement

Anything between then and fi (if backwards) will be executed only if the test (between the square brackets) is true.

Let's look at a simple example:

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # Basic if statement
4. if [ $1 -gt 100 ]
5. then
6. echo Hey that\'s a large number.
7. pwd
8. fi
10. date

The square brackets ( [ ] ) in the if statement above are actually a reference to the command test. This means that all of the operators that test allows may be used here as well. Look up the man page for test to see all of the possible operators (there are quite a few) but some of the more common ones are listed below.

Operator	Description
! EXPRESSION	The EXPRESSION is false.
-n STRING	The length of STRING is greater than zero.
-z STRING	The lengh of STRING is zero (ie it is empty).
STRING1 = STRING2	STRING1 is equal to STRING2
STRING1 != STRING2	STRING1 is not equal to STRING2
INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2	INTEGER1 is numerically equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2	INTEGER1 is numerically greater than INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2	INTEGER1 is numerically less than INTEGER2
-d FILE	FILE exists and is a directory.
-e FILE	FILE exists.
-r FILE	FILE exists and the read permission is granted.
-s FILE	FILE exists and it's size is greater than zero (ie. it is not empty).
-w FILE	FILE exists and the write permission is granted.
-x FILE	FILE exists and the execute permission is granted.

A few points to note:

• = is slightly different to -eq. [ 001 = 1 ] will return false as = does a string comparison (ie. character for character the same) whereas -eq does a numerical comparison meaning [ 001 -eq 1 ] will return true.
• When we refer to FILE above we are actually meaning a path. Remember that a path may be absolute or relative and may refer to a file or a directory.

Because [ ] is just a reference to the command test we may experiment and trouble shoot with test on the command line to make sure our understanding of its behaviour is correct.

Example2

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # Nested if statements
4. if [ $1 -gt 100 ]
5. then
6. echo Hey that\'s a large number.
8. if (( $1 % 2 == 0 ))
9. then
10. echo And is also an even number.
11. fi
12. fi

Example3

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # elif statements
4. if [ $1 -ge 18 ]
5. then
6. echo You may go to the party.
7. elif [ $2 == 'yes' ]
8. then
9. echo You may go to the party but be back before midnight.
10. else
11. echo You may not go to the party.
12. fi

Sometimes we only want to do something if multiple conditions are met. Other times we would like to perform the action if one of several condition is met. We can accommodate these with boolean operators.

• and - &&
• or - ||

For instance maybe we only want to perform an operation if the file is readable and has a size greater than zero.

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # and example
4. if [ -r $1 ] && [ -s $1 ]
5. then
6. echo This file is useful.
7. fi

Example or

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # or example
4. if [ $USER == 'bob' ] || [ $USER == 'andy' ]
5. then
6. ls -alh
7. else
8. ls
9. fi

Example:case

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # case example
4. case $1 in
5. start)
6. echo starting
7. ;;
8. stop)
9. echo stoping
10. ;;
11. restart)
12. echo restarting
13. ;;
14. *)
15. echo don\'t know
16. ;;
17. esac

Now let's look at a slightly more complex example where patterns are used a bit more.

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # Print a message about disk useage.
4. space_free=$( df -h | awk '{ print $5 }' | sort -n | tail -n 1 | sed 's/%//' )
6. case $space_free in
7. [1-5]*)
8. echo Plenty of disk space available
9. ;;
10. [6-7]*)
11. echo There could be a problem in the near future
12. ;;
13. 8*)
14. echo Maybe we should look at clearing out old files
15. ;;
16. 9*)
17. echo We could have a serious problem on our hands soon
18. ;;
19. *)
20. echo Something is not quite right here
21. ;;
22. esac

[Unix / Linux Shell Tutorial ] Function

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # Basic function
4. print_something () {
5. echo Hello I am a function
6. }
8. print_something
9. print_something

1. ./function_example.sh
2. Hello I am a function
3. Hello I am a function

Passing Arguments

It is often the case that we would like the function to process some data for us. We may send data to the function in a similar way to passing command line arguments to a script. We supply the arguments directly after the function name. Within the function they are accessible as $1, $2, etc.

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # Passing arguments to a function
4. print_something () {
5. echo Hello $1
6. }
8. print_something Mars
9. print_something Jupiter

1. ./arguments_example.sh
2. Hello Mars
3. Hello Jupiter

Return Values

Most other programming languages have the concept of a return value for functions, a means for the function to send data back to the original calling location. Bash functions don't allow us to do this. They do however allow us to set a return status. Similar to how a program or command exits with an exit status which indicates whether it succeeded or not. We use the keyword return to indicate a return statu

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # Setting a return status for a function
4. print_something () {
5. echo Hello $1
6. return 5
7. }
9. print_something Mars
10. print_something Jupiter
11. echo The previous function has a return value of $?

Line 11 - Remember that the variable $? contains the return status of the previously run command or function.

1. ./return_status_example.sh
2. Hello Mars
3. Hello Jupiter
4. The previous function has a return value of 5

Example2

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # Setting a return value to a function
4. lines_in_file () {
5. cat $1 | wc -l
6. }
8. num_lines=$( lines_in_file $1 )
10. echo The file $1 has $num_lines lines in it.

Let's break it down:

• Line 5 - This command will print the number of lines in the file referred to by $1.
• Line 8 - We use command substitution to take what would normally be printed to the screen and assign it to the variable num_lines

1. cat myfile.txt
2. Tomato
3. Lettuce
4. Capsicum
5. 
   
6. ./return_hack.sh myfile.txt
7. The file myfile.txt has 3 lines in it.

Example3

1. #!/bin/bash
2. # Experimenting with variable scope
4. var_change () {
5. local var1='local 1'
6. echo Inside function: var1 is $var1 : var2 is $var2
7. var1='changed again'
8. var2='2 changed again'
9. }
11. var1='global 1'
12. var2='global 2'
14. echo Before function call: var1 is $var1 : var2 is $var2
16. var_change
18. echo After function call: var1 is $var1 : var2 is $var2

1. ./local_variables.sh
2. Before function call: var1 is global 1 : var2 is global 2
3. Inside function: var1 is local 1 : var2 is global 2
4. After function call: var1 is global 1 : var2 is 2 changed again